Postganglionic neurons then release norepinephrine onto target organs. An acetylcholine deficiency may be why. These steroid precursors work much like the Alzheimer’s drug Aricept to inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine. However, they are required to bear a Supplement Facts label and ingredient list describing what’s in the product. (5). Dr. Kharrazian finds in his practice that patients can experience muscle tightness and cramps, nausea, and intense fatigue, especially if they are too aggressive with supplementation. However, if you take a blood thinner, such as warfarin (Coumadin® and other brand names), talk to your health care provider before taking any MVM or dietary supplement that contains vitamin K (this vitamin lowers the medicine’s effectiveness, and doctors base the medicine’s dose partly on the overall amount of vitamin K a person usually consumes in foods. It is considered very safe and can even be given to children. Lack of acetylcholine can result in diseases like ADD, ADHD and Alzheimer’s. But, in fact, it contains no caffeine and is a relaxant, not a stimulant. basal ganglia: a mass of nerve cell bodies (gray matter) located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum. Foods provide more than vitamins and minerals. Vitamin B5. Copyright © 2021 Be Brain Fit & Blue Sage, LLC. Small Business Research Grant Program (SBIR), About Research Training and Career Development, Training Grant Application, Review, and Award Process, Integrative Medicine Research Lecture Series, Division of Extramural Research Sponsored by NCCIH, Division of Intramural Research Conducted at NCCIH, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020, Most individuals can get all of the necessary vitamins and minerals through a healthy eating pattern of nutrient-dense foods. He recommends that if you are suffering from taking too much too soon, simply scale back until your body adjusts. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travel, each neuron often making numerous connections with other cells. Yet, iron supplements are a leading cause of poisoning in young children, so parents and guardians should keep iron-containing supplements out of the reach of children. When a heart beats, blood is pushed through the body, causing a change in blood pressure and a pulse in main arteries. (39), They also prevent the formation of amyloid plaques that accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. Unlike the herbs mentioned previously which are very safe, huperzine A is more likely to cause side effects. Some studies also found an alcohol-related increase in the amount of SWS (i.e., stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep) in the first half of the sleep period (Williams and Salamy 1972). Others may increase the uptake of acetylcholine in the brain. (34), In clinical trials, a single dose of Cereboost quickly improved memory, mental clarity, and sharpness within hours after ingestion. The. (10), In Europe, it is prescribed for increasing acetylcholine levels in Alzheimer’s patients. If you buy a supplement that simply states “choline” on the label, it will almost certainly be choline bitartrate. (61), Acetyl-l-carnitine has fast-acting antidepressant properties too, making it a good choice if you have memory loss and depression. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of memory and learning. Be patient when taking bacopa. How to Increase Acetylcholine. (58). See our Terms of Use for details. It is a choline precursor that increases acetylcholine. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 recommends that people should aim to meet their nutrient requirements through a healthy eating pattern that includes nutrient-dense forms of foods. There’s no convincing evidence that MVMs help prevent chronic disease. The ATPase reaction can be followed by measuring the change in the amount of phosphate present in the solution. (45). According to Dr. Kharrazian (see above), it’s one of the most potent supplements for increasing acetylcholine and one of the first to consider for memory loss. Read the Nutrition Facts label on packaged foods or the Supplement Facts label of MVMs to see if the level far exceeds 100% DV. The Journal of Neuroimmunology affords a forum for the publication of works applying immunologic methodology to the furtherance of the neurological sciences. This includes anyone who follows a low-fat diet or doesn’t eat eggs or meat. CDC health information   NIH research information. However, if you consume fortified foods and beverages (such as cereals or drinks with added vitamins and minerals) along with dietary supplements, you should make sure that your total intake of vitamins and minerals is not more than the safe upper limits for any nutrients. The recommended gotu kola dosage for cognitive enhancement is 2,000 to 4,000 mg daily. But there is no evidence that this inexpensive form of choline reliably enters the brain or enhances cognitive functions. Most of them have long histories as proven boosters of brain health and performance. Alpha-GPC enhances memory and cognition and slows the rate of cognitive decline in the elderly. (66). (49). basal ganglia: a mass of nerve cell bodies (gray matter) located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum. The first areas usually affected are responsible for memories. It is sold as a single-ingredient supplement, but is also included in many nootropic and memory supplement formulas. Some studies also found an alcohol-related increase in the amount of SWS (i.e., stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep) in the first half of the sleep period (Williams and Salamy 1972). Studies on all branches of the neurosciences, particularly fundamental and applied neurobiology, neurology, neuropathology, neurochemistry, neurovirology, neuroendocrinology, neuromuscular research, neuropharmacology and … Iron supplements may be recommended for women of childbearing age, pregnant women, preterm infants, older infants, and teenage girls because they are at greater risk of developing deficiency. Alpha-GPC seems to increase a chemical in the brain called acetylcholine. However, some people who don’t get enough vitamins and minerals from food alone, or who have certain medical conditions, might benefit from taking one or more of these nutrients found in single-nutrient supplements or in MVMs. It also plays an important role in brain function and memory. The rate-limiting step in the synthesis of acetylcholine is transport of choline into the nerve terminal via the high-affinity choline transporter. What Is Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health? Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is one of the B complex vitamins. Levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, are particularly low in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease. The brain will literally consume itself to get the raw materials it needs to make acetylcholine. Recommended: Upgrading brain health is key to making your brain work better. See our Terms of Use for details. Alpha GPC is a natural compound that can also work well with other nootropics. In more unusual forms of Alzheimer's disease… All rights reserved. Acetyl-l-carnitine is generally safe but should not be taken with blood-thinning medications. Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism. We recommend looking for a supplement that contains the brand name Cognizin. Acetyl-CoA is synthesized from pyruvate by mitochondria within cholinergic nerves. Acetylcholine is the endogenous agonist at muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) is another precursor to choline that’s found in some brain supplements. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC or ALCAR) is an amino acid well documented for its ability to improve alertness, focus, mental clarity, and mood. Acetylcholine triggers muscle contractions, stimulates some hormones, and controls the heartbeat. Mind Lab Pro is the brain supplement we recommend because, by boosting your brain health, it can help you: REVIEW: How Mind Lab Pro promotes better brain health and performance. Acetylcholine is a critical neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the normal function of the brain and body. Galantamine comes as a tablet, an extended-release (long-acting) capsule, and a solution (liquid) to take by mouth. Lack of acetylcholine can result in diseases … AREDS2 also showed that neither omega-3 fatty acids nor lutein/zeaxanthin, when added to the original AREDS formulation, affected the need for cataract surgery. (18, 19, 20). In more unusual forms of Alzheimer's disease, different areas of the brain are affected. The Alzheimer's Association recommends not taking huperzine A, especially if you're taking a prescribed cholinesterase inhibitor, such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon) or galantamine (Razadyne). (37, 38). Huperzine A works by blocking the enzyme acetylcholinesterase which breaks down acetylcholine. The tablets and liquid are usually taken twice a day, preferably with the morning and evening meals. Huperzine-A is a cognitive enhancer that inhibits an enzyme that degrades the learning neurotransmitter, acetylcholine; due to this, a relative increase occurs. The need for acetylcholine supplementation is especially critical if you take any anticholinergic medications. It’s possible to raise your acetylcholine levels too high. Acetylcholine, transmitter substance of nerve impulses within the central and peripheral nervous systems. In immunized mice, the elevated platform regimen induces an increase in antigen-specific IgG antibodies in a manner that depends on CRH neurons in the CeA and PVN, an intact splenic nerve, and B cell expression of the α9 acetylcholine receptor. (35), A typical dose of American ginseng or Cereboost is 100 to 200 mg daily. Disruptions in the release and function of this neurotransmitter can result in significant problems in areas such as memory and movement. (12, 13). Agonists increase the level of … An increase in glucose, released from the liver into the bloodstream to provide more energy to the muscles. The enzyme responsible for this is choline acetyltransferase. Galantamine comes as a tablet, an extended-release (long-acting) capsule, and a solution (liquid) to take by mouth. Others may increase the uptake of acetylcholine in the brain. Unlike many other psychoactive substances, it is legal and unregulated in nearly all parts of the world. Data from the later AREDS2 study showed that removing beta-carotene from the AREDS formulation didn’t lessen its protective effect against developing advanced AMD. May need to be cycled. Alpha-GPC (L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a highly bioavailable form of choline that readily enters the brain. It’s been approved for treating Alzheimer’s and is used to improve memory, reduce mental confusion, and slow the progression of this disease. Anticholinergic Drugs and Seniors. (30). The known vitamins include A, C, D, E, and K, and the B vitamins: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxal (B6), cobalamin (B12), biotin, and folate/folic acid. Many foods also have fiber and other substances that can provide health benefits. Over time, different areas of the brain shrink. As anyone who has ever felt a rush before a big test, speech, or athletic event can attest, the effects of the sympathetic nervous system are quite pervasive. For more information on safe upper levels of nutrients, visit the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements at: Smokers, and possibly former smokers, should avoid MVM products that provide more than 100%DV for vitamin A (either as preformed retinol or beta-carotene or some combination of the two) because two studies have linked high supplemental doses of these nutrients with an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers. Our articles are based on high-quality, widely accepted, research-based information. A diet high in monounsaturated fats can also increase production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in learning and memory. This acetyl-CoA combines with choline that is transported into the nerve axon to form acetylcholine (ACh). Alpha GPC works fast and helps deliver choline to the brain and actually increases the production of acetylcholine along with cell membrane phospholipids. We earn revenue when you buy through our links, at no extra cost to you. Huperzine A is powerful enough that it’s used as an approved drug for treating Alzheimer’s in China. While the above supplements are the most potent cholinergics, there are many other herbs that exhibit some ability to increase acetylcholine: In this last group, you’ll learn about two important nutrients that support acetylcholine synthesis — one vitamin and one amino acid. If you take a good multivitamin, it very likely will meet or exceed this amount for vitamin B5. In the US, it’s available as both a prescription drug and over-the-counter remedy. Taking excess amounts of vitamin A (preformed retinol form, not as beta-carotene) during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of birth defects. We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. But a few of them act more like drugs than supplements and should be taken with extreme caution. Acetylcholine also promotes a positive mood, while modulating negative emotions like fear and anger. (9). Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that allows communication between cells in your brain. An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell. Furthermore, it helps convert choline to acetylcholine, making it the perfect stacking option to take with Alpha GPC. A number of minerals are essential for health: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, sulfur, cobalt, copper, fluoride, manganese, and selenium. It is used traditionally to treat disorders of the mind, including memory loss, mental fatigue, anxiety, and depression. American ginseng is highly regarded for its superior quality and proven effectiveness as a cognitive enhancer. Vitamins and minerals are essential substances that our bodies need to develop and function normally. Acetylcholine triggers muscle contractions, stimulates some hormones, and controls the heartbeat. When theories and concepts do not have consensus support of the scientific community, we present both sides of the issue. We use choline to produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter required for neuronal plasticity. Found in high amounts in eggs, the yolks in particular. Cognizin is a patented, highly bioavailable form of citicoline that’s been clinically tested in humans. You may be trying to improve your memory now or want to proactively preserve your memory for the future. Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter to be discovered and is one the most prevalent in the human nervous system. A common symptom of overdoing your acetylcholine-boosting efforts is feeling depressed. And keep in mind that any supplement strong enough to be prescribed as a drug is also strong enough to cause side effects or have negative interactions with other substances. Multivitamins/multiminerals (MVMs) are the most frequently used dietary supplements, with close to half of American adults taking them. Boost your memory and your ability to learn. Some of these are so safe that they’ve historically been consumed as food. Edited and medically reviewed by Patrick Alban, DC | Written by Deane Alban. Alpha-GPC seems to increase a chemical in the brain called acetylcholine. (41), Huperzine A is an isolated extract of Chinese club moss (Huperzia serrata), a traditional Chinese remedy for memory improvement. Alpha GPC Benefits While it does increase acetylcholine levels, studies have failed to show that it improves cognition. The acetylcholine activates the postganglionic neurons. Two forms of choline in particular—CDP choline and Alpha-GPC—have been shown to increase brain plasticity following stroke. The ideal standard dose is yet to be determined, but 400 mg, three times a day, is a typical amount used in studies on mental decline. Sources include government agencies, universities and colleges, scholarly journals, industry and professional associations, and other authoritative resources. Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism. This includes antidepressants, antipsychotics, antibiotics, antispasmodics, antihypertensives, and even over-the-counter antihistamines. Adaptogen The tablets and liquid are usually taken twice a day, preferably with the morning and evening meals. And it enhances brain plasticity, a trait that allows your brain to stay mentally flexible throughout your lifetime. Bacopa is an excellent choice if you are under a lot of stress or experience insomnia or anxiety. It belongs to the cholinergics class of molecules, and may be useful in fighting cognitive decline in the elderly. (7). Acetylcholine deficiency is linked to serious neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis. (33), For maximum brain benefits, look for supplements containing Cereboost, a patent-pending American ginseng extract that increases acetylcholine levels. It shows promise as a potential Alzheimer’s treatment. In human studies, gotu kola increased alertness by 100% and significantly reduced anxiety and depression. Manufacturers choose which vitamins, minerals, and other ingredients, as well as their amounts, to include in their products. Acetylcholine receptor agonists and antagonists can either have an effect directly on the receptors or exert their effects indirectly, e.g., by affecting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which degrades the receptor ligand. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. There are a surprising number of herbal supplements that work, in part, by increasing acetylcholine. It is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody is helpful in diagnosing MG and is used as the first test in … (24). Choline is found mainly in egg yolks, beef, and seafood. In immunized mice, the elevated platform regimen induces an increase in antigen-specific IgG antibodies in a manner that depends on CRH neurons in the CeA and PVN, an intact splenic nerve, and B cell expression of the α9 acetylcholine receptor. What makes gotu kola unique are compounds called triterpenes. The mention of any product, service, or therapy is not an endorsement by NCCIH. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your health care provider(s). (46), Huperzine A should not be taken with anticholinergic drugs like antihistamines, antidepressants, or the Alzheimer’s drug Aricept. MVMs providing nutrients at or up to 100% DV do not typically interact with medications. Read the Supplement Facts label to identify MVMs in your supplement product. Galantamine’s list of side effects is very similar to those of huperzine A. Below, we’ll also provide recommended dosages and warn you about a few popular cholinergic supplements that are best avoided. However, evidence to support their use for overall health or disease prevention in the general population remains limited. The word “kola” has many Westerners assuming that gotu kola contains caffeine. It also plays an important role in brain function and memory. The enzyme responsible for this is choline acetyltransferase. Has connections with areas that subconsciously control movement. Memory slipping? Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is one of the B complex vitamins. (1, 2, 3), The brains of Alzheimer’s patients contain low levels of acetylcholine and of acetylcholine receptors. There are several excellent reasons to consider taking an acetylcholine supplement. The first areas usually affected are responsible for memories. MVMs cannot take the place of eating a variety of foods that are important to a healthy diet. (27). It is known mainly as the “memory molecule” because it helps you learn, focus, and stay mentally alert. But not all choline-based supplements increase choline in the brain or raise acetylcholine levels. (44), The generally recommended dosage is 50 to 200 mcg taken twice daily. (11). An inverse relation is described between antibody levels and B cell numbers as they increase the antibody clearance from the serum of the patient. Potential side effects include digestive upset, anxiety, muscle cramps and twitching, and changes in blood pressure and heart rate. It’s considered one of the best forms of choline for raising acetylcholine levels. Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) is in the same plant family as parsley and carrots and has been consumed as a food and tea in Asia for thousands of years. (31), For maximum absorption, take it with meals. Galantamine (Galanthus caucasicus) is another acetylcholine-promoting herbal supplement that should be taken with caution. You may be familiar with it as a popular active ingredient in skin care products. Nutrients That Increase Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine supplements are especially important if you don’t normally consume foods that provide the building blocks of acetylcholine. A few of these are so powerful that they are sometimes prescribed as drugs. (63), The recommended daily dose ranges from 630 to 2,500 mg. (64, 65). You can also take American ginseng as a tea or add dried slices to cooked foods. Dietary fat and the choline found in animal foods are needed to synthesize acetylcholine. Use the numbered citations to link to these sources. In healthy individuals, this means the heart rate is often synchronized with the pulse.However, heart rate and pulse rate are technically different because a heart rate measures the rate of contractions (heart beats) of the heart, whereas a pulse rate measures … (60), This amino acid is a precursor to acetylcholine and has a similar structure, so it binds with and activates acetylcholine receptors in the brain. The Journal of Neuroimmunology affords a forum for the publication of works applying immunologic methodology to the furtherance of the neurological sciences. Anticholinergics are substances that block the action of acetylcholine. (32). As with all neurotransmitters, too much can be as harmful as not enough. Now it’s available as a supplement that offers impressive brain benefits. But taking an MVM can also raise the chances of getting too much of some nutrients, like iron, vitamin A, zinc, niacin, and folate/folic acid, especially when a person takes more than a basic, once-daily product that provides one hundred percent of the Daily Value (DV) of nutrients. Studies on all branches of the neurosciences, particularly fundamental and applied neurobiology, neurology, neuropathology, neurochemistry, neurovirology, neuroendocrinology, neuromuscular research, … NCCIH has provided this material for your information. Adequate levels are essential for optimal brain health and performance. Muscle - Muscle - Actin-myosin interaction and its regulation: Mixtures of myosin and actin in test tubes are used to study the relationship between the ATP breakdown reaction and the interaction of myosin and actin. Be particularly careful with the more potent supplements like huperzine A and galantamine. Though acetylcholine plays a key role in many aspects of your health, there are no dietary supplements that can directly increase its levels. Furthermore, it helps convert choline to acetylcholine, making it the perfect stacking option to take with Alpha GPC. We review the best choline-based, herbal, and nutrient supplements. There are numerous supplements that can naturally raise acetylcholine levels to keep memory and thinking sharp, both now and in the future. (36). (21), A typical daily dose of citicoline for cognitive enhancement is 1,000 to 2,000 mg. (22, 23). Taking an MVM increases overall nutrient intake and helps some people get the recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals when they can’t or don’t get them from food alone. (8). It is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Has connections with … (42). Increase your capacity to think critically, solve problems, and make decisions. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl Co-enzyme A by the enzyme, choline acetyltransferase. Substances, either drugs or supplements, that enhance or mimic the action of acetylcholine are described as cholinergic. (47). It is also a highly regarded brain supplement. The COVID-19 outbreak is a rapidly evolving situation. Acetylcholine’s function in the brain is critical for encoding new memories, reasoning, concentration, cognition, and growth of new synapses (neuroplasticity). World-renowned Harvard researcher Datis Kharrazian, PhD, DHSc explains in his book, Why Isn’t My Brain Working?, that the brain will literally consume itself to get the raw materials it needs to make acetylcholine. In this last group, you’ll learn about two important nutrients that support acetylcholine synthesis — one vitamin and one amino acid. That’s one reason you’ll sometimes find B5 added to alpha-GPC, citicoline, or other brain supplements. Don’t sell pastured egg yolks short though. (4). acetylcholine: a neurotransmitter that allows messages to be passed from neuron to neuron across a synapse; released by cholinergic nerves. Vitamins and minerals are essential substances that our bodies need to develop and function normally. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), which was led by NIH’s National Eye Institute and concluded in 2001, showed that daily high doses of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and the minerals zinc and copper—called the AREDS formulation—can help slow the progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a blinding eye disease. Citicoline goes by a few other names, most commonly CDP-choline. Why You May Need an Acetylcholine Supplement, Three Kinds of Supplements That Increase Acetylcholine, Herbal Acetylcholine-Boosting Supplements, Find a full list of anticholinergic drugs in our article “Drugs That Cause Memory Loss (& what you can do).”, How Acetylcholine Deficiency Impacts Memory, All About Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter for Memory and Focus, Citicoline: An Impressive Brain Protector and Enhancer, How Bacopa Benefits Your Brain (extensive review), 8 Ways Ginseng Works for Memory and Brain Health, How Gotu Kola Benefits Your Brain, Mood, and Memory, Vitamins for Memory: Basic Nutrients Often Overlooked, How to Cope With Stress in the Age of COVID-19, How E-Counseling Can Help You: A Complete Review, Stress Management Techniques That Work (in-depth review), Proven Natural Remedies for Anxiety (in-depth guide), Natural Antidepressants: Proven, Drug-Free (in-depth review), 14 Effective Ways to Beat Winter Blues (extensive review), The MIND Diet: Eating for a Healthy Brain (in-depth review), How to Increase Dopamine Naturally (comprehensive review), Brain Fog: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment (in-depth review), Proven Ways to Improve Your Memory (in-depth guide). A typical dose of bacopa is 300 mg per day. Thinking slower, less sharp? American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is not as universally popular as its Asian cousin (Panax ginseng), but that may be changing. This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Other – such as acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine, nitric oxide; Often, it is more useful to classify neurotransmitters based on their function: Excitatory neurotransmitters increase electrical excitability on the post-synaptic side through modulation of the trans-membrane ion flow to facilitate transmission of an action potential. Research has demonstrated L-Carnitine’s ability to reduce symptoms of ADHD in children, increase cerebral blood flow, and improve focus and concentration in healthy adults. It belongs to the cholinergics class of molecules, and may be useful in fighting cognitive decline in the elderly. (25, 26), And since it’s been linked to birth defects, it’s not advised for use by women during their childbearing years. Note: Before you give galantamine a try, discuss it with your doctor first. Over time, different areas of the brain shrink. On top of this, medications stay in an older person’s system longer, as the kidneys and liver clear drugs slower in an aging body.The result is a build-up of anticholinergic properties blocking acetylcholine … An increase in glucose, released from the liver into the bloodstream to provide more energy to the muscles. (28), Bacopa may offset the memory loss caused by anticholinergic drugs. Acetylcholine’s function in the brain is critical for encoding new memories, reasoning, concentration, cognition, and growth of new synapses (neuroplasticity). It is an excitatory neurotransmitter. (62), When shopping for an ALCAR supplement, avoid the less expensive version, l-carnitine, which does not readily enter the brain. Adaptogens are herbs that neither sedate nor stimulate, but help bring the body into a state of balance known as homeostasis. Choline is a nutrient related to the vitamin B complex that is a precursor of acetylcholine. So choline supplementation is a great idea, at least in theory. Research has demonstrated L-Carnitine’s ability to reduce symptoms of ADHD in children, increase cerebral blood flow, and improve focus and concentration in healthy adults. (29), When tested against the popular smart drug Modafinil, bacopa worked better at improving memory, accuracy, and processing speed. Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound found in every cell in the body and in particularly high concentrations in the brain. (17), It can significantly improve memory, focus, and attention. Its Chinese name means “fountain of youth” because it’s believed to promote longevity. Simply stated, dietary supplements aren’t required to be standardized in the United States. 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